The Kingdom of Kediri is a large kingdom in East Java that was founded in the 12th century. This kingdom is part of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom. The center of his empire was located on the banks of the Brantas River, which at that time had become a busy shipping lane.
Establishment of the Kingdom of Kediri
The discovery of the Tondowongso Site in early 2007, which is believed to be a relic of the Kingdom of Kediri, is expected to help provide more information about the kingdom. Several ancient statues from the Kingdom of Kediri. The statue found in Gayam village, Kediri is classified as rare because it is the first time a statue of the four-faced or Catur Muka Shiva god Shiva has been found.
In 1041 or 963 AD King Airlangga ordered the dividing of the kingdom into two parts. The division of the kingdom was carried out by a Brahmin who was known for his supernatural powers, namely Mpu Bharata. The two kingdoms known as Kahuripan became Jenggala (Kahuripan) and Panjalu (Kediri) which were bounded by Mount Kawi and the Brantas river were told in the Mahaksubya inscription (1289 AD), the book Negarakertagama (1365 AD), and the Calon Arang book (1540 AD). The purpose of dividing the kingdom into two is to avoid conflict.
The Jenggala Kingdom covered the Malang area and the Brantas river delta with its ports in Surabaya, Rembang, and Pasuruhan, the capital city being Kahuripan, while Panjalu was later known as Kediri including Kediri, Madiun and the capital city Daha. Based on the inscriptions found, each kingdom felt entitled to the entire throne of Airlangga, so war broke out.
At the end of November 1042, Airlangga was forced to divide his kingdom because his two sons competed for the throne. A son named Sri Samarawijaya got a western kingdom called Panjalu which was centered in a new city, namely Daha. Meanwhile, the son named Mapanji Garasakan got an eastern kingdom named Janggala which was based in the old city, namely Kahuripan. Panjalu was controlled by Jenggala and the name of Raja Mapanji Garasakan (1042-1052 AD) was immortalized in the Malenga inscription. He still wears the symbol of the Kingdom of Airlangga, namely Garuda Mukha.
At first, the civil war was won by Jenggala but in the subsequent developments, it was Panjalu/Kediri who won the war and controlled the entire throne of Airlangga. Thus in East Java stood the kingdom of Kediri where evidence explaining this kingdom, in addition to the discovery of inscriptions also through literary books. And what explains a lot about the Kediri kingdom is the work in the form of literary books. The result of this literary work is the book Kakawin Bharatayudha written by Mpu Sedah and Mpu Panuluh which tells about the victory of Kediri/Panjalu over Jenggala.
Development of the Kingdom of Kediri
In its development, the Kingdom of Kediri, which had the capital of Daha, grew to a large extent, while the Kingdom of Jenggala sank. Allegedly the Kingdom of Jenggala was conquered by Kediri. However, the loss of Jenggala traces may also be due to the absence of inscriptions left behind or the inscriptions left by the Jenggala Kingdom that have not been found. The glory of the Kingdom of Kediri had fallen when King Kertajaya (1185-1222) clashed with the clergy. Akuwu Tumapel Tunggul Ametung took advantage of this situation.
But then his position was taken by Ken Arok. It was in this former Kediri Kingdom that Ken Arok later founded the Singasari Kingdom, and Kediri came under Singasari's rule. When Singasari was under the reign of Kertanegara (1268-1292), there was an upheaval within the kingdom. Jayakatwang, the king of Kediri who had been submissive to Singasari, joined forces with the Regent of Sumenep (Madura) to bring down Kertanegara. Finally, in 1292 Jayakatwang succeeded in defeating Kertanegara and rebuilding the glory of the Kediri Kingdom.
The political development of the kingdom of Kediri
Mapanji Garasakan reigned shortly. He was succeeded by King Mapanji Alanjung (1052 – 1059 AD). Mapanji Alanjung was later replaced again by Sri Maharaja Samarotsaha. The continuous fighting between Jenggala and Panjalu resulted in no clear news about the two kingdoms for 60 years until the name of King Bameswara (1116 – 1135 AD) from Kediri emerged.
At that time the capital city of Panjalu had been moved from Daha to Kediri so this kingdom was better known as the Kingdom of Kediri. King Bameswara wore a royal badge in the form of a fanged skull above the crescent moon which is commonly called Candrakapala. After Bameswara stepped down from the throne, he was replaced by Jayabaya, who during his reign succeeded in defeating Jenggala. Successively the kings of Kediri since Jayabaya were as follows.
In 1019 AD Airlangga has crowned the king of Medang Kamulan. Airlangga tried to restore Medang Kamulan's authority, after the royal authority was restored, Airlangga moved the center of government from Medang Kamulan to Kahuripan. Thanks to his hard work, Medang Kamulan achieved glory and prosperity. Towards the end of his life, Airlangga decided to resign from the government and became a hermit known as Resi Gentayu. Airlangga died in 1049 AD.
The heir to the Medang Kamulan royal throne should be a daughter, namely Sri Sanggramawijaya who was born from a consort. However, because he chose to become a hermit, the throne was passed to Airlangga's son who was born from a concubine.
To avoid civil war, Medang Kamulan was divided into two, namely the kingdom of Jenggala with the capital Kahuripan, and the kingdom of Kediri (Panjalu) with the capital D haha. But the effort failed. This can be seen until the 12th century when Kediri remained a fertile and prosperous kingdom but was not completely peaceful due to the overshadowing of Jenggala which was in a weaker position. It made a dark atmosphere, full of hypocrisy, and murder took place against princes and kings between the two countries. However, this feud ended in the defeat of Jenggala, and the kingdom was reunited under the rule of Kediri.
KEDIRI KINGDOM GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
The government system of the Kediri kingdom saw several changes of power, while the kings who had ruled during the Kediri kingdom were: Shri Jayawarsa Digjaya Shastraprabhu.
Jayawarsa was the first king of the Kediri kingdom with an inscription dated 1104. He called himself the incarnation of Vishnu.
Kameshwara
The second king of the Kediri kingdom who had the title Sri Maharajarake Sirikan Shri Kameshwara Sakalabhuwanatushtikarana Sarwwaniwaryyawiryya Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa, better known as Kameshwara I (1115-1130). His royal symbol is a fanged skull called Candrakapala. During his reign, Mpu Darmaja changed the Samaradana book. In this book, the king is praised as the incarnation of the god Kama, and his capital whose beauty the whole world admires is named Dahana. His consort was named Shri Kirana, who came from Janggala.
Jayabaya
The third king of Kediri, who holds the title Shri Maharaja Shri Kroncarryadipa Handabhuwanapaka Parakramanindita Digjayotunggadewanama Shri Gandra. With his inscription in 1181. The most famous King of Kediri was Prabu Jayabaya, under his reign Kediri achieved glory. Jayabaya's expertise as an accomplished political leader is famous for his predictions. These predictions are collected in one book entitled Jongko Joyoboyo. The spiritual and material support from Prabu Jayabaya and cultural and literary matters were unmitigated. His people's attitude and far-reaching vision made Prabu Jayabaya worth remembering.
King Sarwaswera
As a religious and culturally devout king, Prabu Sarwaswera adhered to the principle of that wam asi, which means you are you, you are (all of them), and all creatures are you. According to Prabu Sarwaswera, the ultimate goal of human life is moksha, namely the unification of the soul with Paramatma. The right path is that which leads to oneness, anything that hinders oneness is not right.
King Kroncharyadipa
His name means fortress of truth, the Prabhu always does justice to his people. As devout religious people control themselves from their government with the principle, sad kama wrath, namely six kinds of enemies in human beings. The six are Croda (angry), moha (confusion), kama (lust), loba (greedy), Mada (drunk), masarya (envy).
Srengga Kertajaya
Srengga Kertajaya never stops working hard for the sake of his nation. He hopes for a safe and peaceful society. Prabu Srengga's principle of sanctity, according to the wayang puppeteers, was described by Prapanca.
Kertajaya Government
The last king was during the Kediri period. Kertajaya is a noble king and really cares about the people. Kertajaya is known for its chess clan which means four roads, namely dharma, arta, kama, moksa.
The social life of the people of the kingdom of Kediri
The social life of the Kediri people is quite good because the welfare of the people has increased, and the people live in peace, this can be seen from the people's houses which are good, clean and neat, and have yellow and green tiled floors and the Kediri people have worn cloth to the bottom. knee. With a safe and peaceful community life, art can develop, among other things, the most advanced literature is literary art. This can be seen from the many literary results that you can know until now.
The literary results, apart from what has been described in the description of the previous material, there are also many other literary books, such as the Hariwangsa and Gatotkacasraya books written by Mpu Panuluh during the Jayabaya period, the Simaradahana book by Mpu Darmaja, the Lubdaka and Wertasancaya books by Mpu Tan Akung, the book Mpu Triguna's Kresnayana and the Sumanasantaka book by Mpu Monaguna. Everything was produced during the reign of Kameswara.
The discovery of the Tondowongso Site in early 2007, which is believed to be a relic of the Kadiri Kingdom, is expected to help provide more information about the kingdom. Several ancient statues from the Kingdom of Kediri. The statue found in Gayam village, Kediri is classified as rare because it is the first time a statue of the four-faced or Catur Muka Shiva god Shiva has been found.
We can see the social life of the people at the time of the Kediri Kingdom in the book Ling-Wai-Tai-Ta compiled by Chou Ku-Fei in 1178 AD. The book states that the people of Kediri wore cloth up to below their knees and their hair was loose. The houses are usually very clean and tidy. The floor is made of yellow and green tiles.
His government was very concerned about the condition of its people so agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade progressed quite rapidly. The groups in the Kediri community are divided into three based on their position in the royal government.
1. The central social group (kingdom), namely the people who are in the environment of the king and some of his relatives and the group of servants.
2. Thani (regional) community, namely community groups consisting of officials or government officials in the Thani (regional) area.
3. Non-governmental community groups, namely groups of people who do not have official positions and relations with the government or the self-employed community. Kediri has more than 300 officials in charge of managing and recording all royal income. In addition, there were 1,000 petty officials in charge of the city's forts and moats, the royal treasury, and the food supply building.
The Kingdom of Kediri was born from the division of the Mataram Kingdom by King Airlangga (1000-1049). This solution was done so that there would be no disputes between the concubine's children. There is no clear evidence of how the kingdom was divided into several parts. In the babad it is stated that the kingdom was divided into four or five parts. But in its development, only two kingdoms were often mentioned, namely Kediri (Pangjalu) and Jenggala. Samarawijaya as the legal heir to the kingdom received the old capital, namely Dahanaputra, and the name of the kingdom was changed to Pangjalu or also known as the Kingdom of Kediri.
Economic Conditions in the Age of the Kingdom of Kediri
Kediri's economy is based on trade, animal husbandry, and agriculture. Kediri is known as a producer of rice, cotton, and silkworms. Thus, from an economic perspective, the kingdom of Kediri was quite prosperous. This can be seen from the kingdom's ability to provide a steady income to its employees who are paid with crops. This information was obtained based on the book Chi-Fan-Chi and the book Ling-wai-Tai-ta.
Literary Works and Inscriptions in the Age of the Kingdom of Kediri
Inscriptions at the Age of the Kingdom of Kediri include:
a. The Banjaran inscription dating to 1052 AD describes the victory of Panjalu or Kediri over Jenggala
b. The Hantang inscription in 1135 or 1052 AD describes Panjalu or Kediri during the time of King Jayabaya. This inscription contains the motto Panjalu Jayati which means Kediri Wins. This inscription was issued as a certificate of endowment ratification for residents of Ngantang Village who were loyal to Kediri during the war with Jenggala. And from the inscription, it can be seen that King Jayabhaya was the king who succeeded in defeating Janggala and reuniting him with Kediri.
c. Japanese inscription 1144 AD
d. Talan Inscription 1136 AD Literary art also received a lot of attention during the Kadiri Kingdom era. In 1157 Kakawin Bharatayuddha was written by Mpu Sedah and completed by Mpu Panuluh. This book comes from the Mahabharata which contains the victory of the Pandavas over the Korawas, as an allegory, victory.
Literary art received a lot of attention during the Panjalu Kingdom of Kediri. In 1157 Kakawin Bharatayuddha was written by Mpu Sedah and completed by Mpu Panuluh. This book comes from the Mahabharata which contains the victory of the Pandavas over the Korawas, as an allegory of Sri Jayabhaya's victory over Janggala.
Apart from that, Mpu Panuluh also wrote Kakawin Hariwangsa and Ghatotkachasraya. There is also a poet during the reign of Sri Kameswara named Mpu Dharmaja who wrote Kakawin Smaradahana. Then during the reign of Kertajaya, there was a poet named Mpu Monaguna who wrote Sumanasantaka and Mpu Triguna who wrote Kresnayana.
In addition to the literary books and inscriptions mentioned above, Chinese news was also found which gave many descriptions of the life of the people and government of Kediri which could not be found in other sources. The Chinese news was compiled through a book entitled Ling-mai-tai-ta written by Cho-Ku-Fei in 1178 AD and the Chu-Fan-Chi book written by Chau-Ju-Kua in 1225 AD. Thus inscriptions, Literary books, and books written by Chinese people are the development of Kediri.
The collapse of Kediri
The collapse of the Kediri kingdom was due to the fact that during the reign of Kertajaya, there was a conflict with the Brahmins. They considered Kertajaya to have violated religion and forced him to worship him as a god. Then the Brahmins asked for protection from Ken Arok, Akuwu Tumapel. The feud culminated into a battle in the village of Ganter, in 1222 AD. In that battle Ken Arok was able to defeat Kertajaya, at that time marking the end of the Kediri kingdom.
After successfully defeating Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Kediri rose again under the reign of Jayakatwang. One of the Singasari troop leaders, Raden Wijaya, managed to escape to Madura. Because of his good behavior, Jayakatwang allowed Raden Wijaya to open the Tarik Forest as his residence. In 1293, came the Mongol army sent by Emperor Kublai Khan to take revenge against Kertanegara. This situation was used by Raden Wijaya to attack Jayakatwang. He cooperated with the Mongol army and Madurese troops under the leadership of Arya Wiraraja to attack Kediri. In that war, Jayakatwang's troops were easily defeated. After that there was no more news about the Kingdom of Kediri.
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