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The branch of study known as the history of mathematics is the investigation of the origins of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, the investigation of the methods and notation of mathematics in the past
In the beginning, the big island of Krakatau, which we usually call by the name of Mount Krakatau, was a mountain (ancient Mount Krakatau) which has a height of about 2000 meters above sea level with a circle of beaches of about 11 km and a radius of about 9 km2.
Complete Profile of KH Abdul Wahab Hasbullah: The Initiator of Nahdlatul Ulama and a National Hero
KH. Abdul Wahab Hasbullah (Mbah Wahab) is a charismatic cleric known as "Founding Father of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)". He was a multi-talented figure: a skilled organizer, a smart politician, a freedom fighter, and a modern-minded Islamic boarding school educator.
Biodata and Genealogy
Full name: KH.Abdul Wahab Hasbullah
Born: March 31, 1888, in Tambakberas, Jombang, East Java
Died: December 29, 1971 (Age 83)
Parent: The first son of KH Hasbullah Said (the caretaker of the Tambakberas Islamic Boarding School) and Nyai Hj. Lathifah
Family relationship: His lineage meets KH. Hasyim Asy'ari's with the same grandfather, namely Kiai Shihah.
Educational History: A 20-Year Journey of Knowledge
Mbah Wahab's youth was spent studying from one Islamic boarding school to another for approximately 20 years:
Primary Education:He was directly guided by his father at the Tambakberas Islamic Boarding School until the age of 13.
Islamic Boarding Schools in Java: Studied at the Langitan Islamic Boarding School (Tuban), Mojosari (Nganjuk), Tawangsari (Sepanjang), and then studied with Syaikhona Kholil Bangkalan (Madura).
Tebuireng Islamic Boarding School: He became a direct student of Hadratusy-syekh KH. Hasyim Asy'ari.
Mecca (1914): Studied for 5 years in the holy land under the guidance of Sheikh Mahfudz at-Tarmasi and Sheikh Said al-Yamani.
Key Role in the Establishment of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)
Mbah Wahab was the main driving force behind the birth of NU on January 31, 1926. Before NU was officially established, he initiated several pioneering organizations:
Tashwirul Afkar (1914):Intellectual discussion forum and debate course for Islamic students (santri) in Surabaya.
Nahdlatul Wathan (1916):An Islamic youth organization that instilled a sense of nationalism (Revival of the Homeland).
Nahdlatut Tujjar (1918):An organization for the economic empowerment of Islamic students.
Hijaz Committee:A delegation sent to Mecca to fight for Freedom of belief in the Islamic sect before King Ibn Saud.
Contribution to the Nation and Independence
He fought not only on the pulpit, but also on the battlefield and in diplomacy:
Commander of the Hizbullah Army: Led the Islamic students' army in fighting the Japanese and Dutch colonialists.
Creator of the Song "Ya Lal Wathon": A nationalistic song composed in 1934 to foster love for the homeland among Islamic students.
Statesman: Served as a member of the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA) and actively quelled political unrest during the era of President Sukarno.
Pioneer of Freedom Thinking: Initiating a two-body leadership system in NU (Syuriyah and Tanfidziyah) to unite the old and young.
Awards and Legacy
For his extraordinary services to the independence and integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, KH. Abdul Wahab Hasbullah was declared a National Hero of Indonesia by President Joko Widodo on November 7, 2014. He was buried in the Bahrul Ulum Tambakberas Islamic Boarding School complex, Jombang.
Certificate of Practice "Huwal Habib"
One of the most famous ijazas of practice from KH. Abdul Wahab Hasbullah is the recitation of excerpts from the Qasidah Burdah, specifically the verse "Huwal Habib." Mbah Wahab often gave this ijaza to his students at the Bahrul Ulum Islamic Boarding School in Tambakberas, especially when facing critical situations or major matters for the nation and Nahdlatul Ulama.
Waktu Pengamalan: Usually read regularly after every Maghrib prayer.
Goals/Benefits: Used as an inner effort to ask for God's help so that all matters are made easier, kept away from disaster, and given smoothness in the struggle.
How to Practice (Based on the Tambakberas Tradition):
According to the caregivers at the Tebuireng and Tambakberas Islamic Boarding Schools, this diploma often begins with tawasul:
Tawasul (Send Fatihah):Especially to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, his friends, Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al-Jailani, and KH Abdul Wahab Hasbullah.
Reading Short Letters: Al-Fatihah, Al-Ikhlas, An-Nas, Al-Falaq, dan Ayat Kursi.
Reading the Burdah Prayer: Bait Huwal Habib is read repeatedly according to direction or need.
Mbah Wahab's Wise Message for Today's Generation
Tentang Persatuan: "There is no weapon sharper than unity." (This message he often conveyed to remind us how important brotherhood is amidst differences).
About Courage and Struggle: "Be a kiai with a warrior's soul, don't be a kiai who just waits for gifts."
About Love for the Homeland (Hubbul Wathon): "Indonesia is our home. Protecting it is part of our faith, defending its honor is the duty of every soul." (This spirit is clearly reflected in the lyrics of the song Ya Lal Wathon, which he composed).
About the Changes of the Times: "We must continue to move with the times, but never let go of the roots of our traditions and the noble values of our religion."
Message for Students and Youth: "Students must be able to be a light in the midst of darkness, not just spectators on the sidelines of history."
The Condition of Parents After Death and Waiting for Prayers from Their Children (According to the Qur'an and Hadith)
Death is not the end of everything, but the beginning of a new life in the realm of Barzakh. In Islamic teachings, the souls of the deceased remain alive in a different dimension. They can feel happiness or sadness according to their deeds during their lifetime. For parents who have passed away, there is one thing they are really looking forward to from this world: prayers from their children.
1. Life After Death According to the Qur'an
Allah ﷻ explains in the Qur'an that after death, humans will enter the realm of barzakh, a place where they will wait until the day of resurrection.
“And before them is a barrier (barzakh) until the day they are raised up.”(QS. Al-Mu’minun: 100)
This verse confirms that after death, a person’s soul is in a realm of waiting. There, they can receive the blessings of the grave or the punishment of the grave, depending on their deeds in this world.
2. Faithful Parents Will Get Favors in the Grave
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:
“If a servant is placed in his grave, and he answers the angel's question correctly, then the gates of heaven will be opened for him. He will smell its smell and feel calm.” (HR. Ahmad and Abu Dawud)
For parents who believe, their grave becomes a garden of the gardens of paradise. Their souls will find peace, especially if they have pious children who always pray for them.
3. Children's Prayers: The Most Beautiful Gift for Parents
The Prophet ﷺ said:
“When a son of Adam dies, his good deeds come to an end except for three things: ongoing charity, beneficial knowledge, and a righteous child who prays for him.” (Narrated by Muslim)
This hadith shows that pious children's prayers not only reach their parents, but also become a cause of happiness and light for them in the grave. Every time a child reads Al-Fatihah, istighfar, or alms in the name of their parents the reward is immediately sent to their souls.
4. The Spirit of Parents Awaits Prayers from the World
In several narrations, it is mentioned that the spirit of a deceased person knows the deeds of his family in the world. Scholars explain that the spirit of a believer feels happy when he receives prayers, and sad when his family forgets to pray for him.
Imam As-Suyuthi in Syarh As-Sudur wrote:
“Indeed, the deceased rejoices in the good deeds done by his family, and the reward of those deeds is conveyed to them.”
Therefore, children's prayers are very meaningful to parents. They await the sending of prayers like someone who awaits good news from a loved one.
5. How Children Send Prayers for Their Parents
Here are some simple practices that can be done to help parents find peace in the grave:
Read Al-Fatihah and dedicate it to the souls of both parents.
➤ “Ilā ruhi abī wa ummī, Al-Fātiḥah…”
Reading istighfar:
➤ “Allahummaghfir liwalidayya warhamhuma kama rabbayani shaghira”
Give charity on behalf of parents
Any kind of charity, whether food, money, or assistance to those in need.
Maintain good deeds and good morals, because that will make your parents' souls proud in the afterlife.
6. Signs of Parents' Happiness in the Grave
Some signs of parents' souls being at peace and happy in the afterlife according to scholars:
Their children are diligent in praying and doing good deeds.
There is peace in the family after their departure.
A sweet dream of seeing parents smiling or dressed in white.
My heart feels at peace every time I pray for them.
These signs are good signs that the child's prayers are accepted and the parents' souls are at peace.
Conclusion
After passing away, our parents do not just disappear. They are waiting for prayers, reading Al-Fatihah, and alms from their children. As the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, “Pious children who pray for their parents” is a deed that continues to flow in rewards and is a source of happiness in the grave.
So, don't let a day go by without praying for them, because a child's prayer is the light that illuminates a parent's grave.
"O mankind, eat of what is lawful and good on earth and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you an open enemy.".(QS. Al-Baqarah [2]: 168)
In this life, you must recognize the real enemy within you. Your enemy is not a jealous friend, a hateful sibling, or anyone else who wants to harm or bring you down. But know that your true enemy is Satan, who will always lead you astray and want you to be with him in hell. Furthermore, the enemy you must fight is your own lust.
Demon
Satan and lust are interconnected, leading humans to sin and eternal damnation with them in Hell. Satan will never tire of tempting the descendants of the Prophet Adam, in accordance with his request to Allah SWT when he was expelled from Paradise, which reads:
"He (Satan) replied, "Because You have led me astray, I will surely hinder them from Your straight path. Then I will surely come at them from before them, from behind them, from their right, and from their left. You will not find most of them grateful."(QS. Al-A’raf [7]: 16-17).
The meaning of the verse above is that Allah made Iblis/Satan as a lost person because he had denied Allah's command to respect the Prophet Adam AS and was arrogant, considering himself more noble than the Prophet Adam. After that Allah expelled Iblis from heaven and Iblis also said that he would always bother the children of Prophet Adam to deny Allah and be their friend forever in hell. Iblis will do anything to be able to lead humans astray, he will surround humans from the front, back, right side, left side until the humans follow them so that they are not saved and perish like Iblis.
How could Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala lead Satan astray? Allah is not deficient!
So the answer is that the will (Iradah) of Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala is twofold: Iradah kauniyah and Iradah Syar'iyah. Iradah Kauniyah is the will that Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala desires to happen in the universe, but it is not necessarily something that Allah likes, while Iradah Syar'iyah is a desire that Allah likes, but it is not necessarily something that happens. All of this happens because of the wisdom and justice of Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala. Allah is the one who knows all wisdom and Allah is just in all that He does. This is the attribute of Allah, the most perfect.
Therefore, Imam al-Qurthubi (may Allah have mercy on him) emphasized this in his interpretation. He Rahimahullah said: "The Ahlussunnah school of thought states that it was Allah Azza wa Jalla who made him go astray and created disbelief in him." Therefore, in this verse the actions that made the devil go astray are attributed to Allah Azza wa Jalla. And this is what is true. Nothing exists unless it is the creation of Allah Azza wa Jalla which comes from the will of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala. The al-Imamiyah, al-Qadariyah and other sects have disobeyed the shaykh (their teacher), namely the devil, in that they obey the devil in everything that the devil has decorated for them, but do not obey him in this matter. They said, "The devil has made mistakes. And he is often wrong, because he has attributed error to his Rabb. Glory be to Allah from that." So we say to them (followers of these heretical sects), 'If the devil (is like that), he really often makes mistakes, then what do you think about the words of the Prophet who was noble and ma'shûm (protected from mistakes), namely Prophet Nuh Alaihissallam. He said to his people:
"My advice will not be useful for you even if I want to advise you, if Allah wants to lead you astray. He is your Lord and to Him you will be returned." (QS. Hud [11]: 34)
Who Can Be Safe from Satan/Satan?
Allah SWT. Says in Surah Ash-Shaad Verses 82-85 which means:
Allah SWT. Says in Surah Ash-Shaad Verses 82-85 which means:
People who can be safe from Satan are those who truly believe in Allah and do not worship anything other than Allah, people who maintain their behavior and faith. We must know that the devil will always tempt people until they follow him, but those who remain obedient to Allah and always draw closer to Him will be the ones who will survive the temptation of the devil/demons and they will enter His heaven with those who obey, but for those who associate partners with Allah and worship Satan, they will forever be in Hell with the devils they worship/worship.
Lust
Imam Ibn Qoyyim Al-Jauziyyah (rahimahullah) said: "Lust is the soul's inclination towards something that aligns with its desires" (Asbabut Takhallaush minal hawa, Ibn Qoyyim Al-Jauziyyah, p. 3).
Lust is also called Al-Hawa because it can lead a person to disgrace or hell. People who follow their lusts essentially seek false pleasures and momentary satisfaction in this world, without considering the consequences they will face. Lust arises when we desire something and must achieve it by any means, even if it conflicts with religion. Examples include satisfying desires through sex, wanting to eat and drink, wanting to be angry with someone, and many other examples of lust.
Is Lust a Despicable Thing?
Ibnu Qoyyim Al-Jauziyyah Rahimahullah explained in his book that lust was created in humans in order to maintain their survival. Because, if there is no appetite to eat, drink and marry, humans will certainly die and become extinct, because they do not eat, drink and marry. Lust drives humans to achieve the things they want, while anger prevents them from things that bother them in their lives. So lust should not be criticized or praised absolutely without exception. Just as anger cannot be criticized or praised absolutely either.
Allah denounces ittiba'ul hawa (following one's desires) in several verses in the Al-Qur'an, including His words in Surah Al-Jatsiyah and Al-Qashash.
"Do you know (Prophet Muhammad), the person who made his desires his God and was allowed to go astray by Allah with His knowledge, Allah has locked his hearing and heart and put a lid on his sight, who is able to give him guidance after Allah (allowed him to go astray)? Have you (O humans) not learned a lesson?" (QS. Al-Jaatsiyah [45]: 23)
"If they do not answer (your challenge), know that they are only following their desires. Who is more astray than someone who follows his desires without receiving guidance from Allah? Indeed, Allah does not guide the unjust people." (QS. Al-Qashash [28]: 23)
According to the information above, originally lust is the soul's inclination towards something it likes, then if it is inclined towards something that is in accordance with the Shari'ah, then it is praiseworthy, but conversely, if it is inclined towards something that is contrary to the Shari'ah, then it is disgraceful. Meanwhile, if lust is mentioned in absolute terms without being tied to certain conditions or it is mentioned about condemnation of lust, then what is meant in that context is despicable lust.
So, is he an enemy or a friend? In life, praiseworthy desires are like your companions, while reprehensible desires are your enemies.
Lust Includes Two Things: Doubtful and Lust
Following reprehensible desires can involve religious matters (doubtful) or worldly desires (lust), or both. Scholars elaborate as follows:
If it involves doubtful desires, it can lead a person to the status of heretics and be called ahlul ahwa`. And the tradition of the Salaf was to name the people of heresy as the people of ahwa`.
As for lust, it is divided into two types: those that are permissible, such as eating, drinking, and clothing, and those that are forbidden, such as adultery and alcohol. Those who commit it are called fajir, fasiq, or sinners.
From the explanations above, we can conclude that:
The Devil has sworn to lead humanity astray until the Day of Judgment.
He will lead humanity astray and prevent them from following the path of truth and salvation. The devil will make falsehood beautiful in the eyes of humans so that they fall into it.
Many people will follow the devil's misguidance, and we are advised to seek protection and protection from Allah Almighty from Satan and his forces.
If it is related to doubtful desires, it can even lead someone to the status of heretics.
If it is related to lust, it is divided into two: those concerning permissible matters, such as eating, drinking, and clothing, and those concerning forbidden matters, such as adultery and alcohol. Those who do so are called fajir, fasiq, or sinners.
