The Heroes of the Revolution in Indonesia

Pancasila Sakti Monument - Crocodile Hole - Jakarta

Hero of the Revolution is a title given to a number of military officers who died in the G30S tragedy that occurred in Jakarta and Yogyakarta on September 30, 1965. Since the enactment of Law Number 20 of 2009, this title has also been recognized as a National Hero. These heroes include:

1. General Ahmad Yani

TNI General Posthumous Ahmad Yani (also spelled Achmad Yani; born in Purworejo, Central Java, 19 June 1922 - died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, 1 October 1965 at the age of 43) was the commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and was killed by members of the September 30 while trying to kidnap him from his home.

Ahmad Yani was born in Jenar, Purworejo, Central Java on 19 June 1922 into the Wongsoredjo family, a family that worked in a sugar factory run by a Dutch owner. In 1927, Yani moved with his family to Batavia, where his father now worked for the Dutch General. In Batavia, Yani worked his way through primary and secondary education. In 1940, Yani left high school to undergo military service in the colonial government's Dutch East Indies army. He studied military topography in Malang, East Java, but this education was interrupted by the arrival of Japanese troops in 1942. At the same time, Yani and his family moved back to Central Java.

In 1943, he joined the Japanese-sponsored Peta (Defenders of the Homeland) army and underwent further training in Magelang. After completing this training, Yani requested to be trained as a Peta platoon commander and was transferred to Bogor, West Java to receive training. When finished, he was sent back to Magelang as an instructor.

Military Career

After Independence Yani joined the fledgling republican army and fought against the Dutch. During the first months after the Declaration of Independence, Yani formed a battalion with himself as Commander and led it to victory against the British in Magelang. Yani then followed this up by successfully defending Magelang against the Dutch when it tried to take over the city, earning him the nickname "Savior of Magelang". Another notable highlight of Yani's career during this period was the series of guerilla offensives he launched in early 1949 to distract the Dutch whilst Lieutenant Colonel Suharto prepared for the 1 March General Offensive to be directed at Yogyakarta.

After Indonesian independence was recognized by the Dutch, Yani was transferred to Tegal, Central Java. In 1952, he was called back to action against Darul Islam, a rebel group that was trying to establish a theocracy in Indonesia. To deal with this rebel group, Yani formed a special forces group called The Bull Raiders. The decision to summon Yani paid dividends and over the next 3 years, Darul Islam forces in Central Java suffered one defeat after another.

In December 1955, Yani left for the United States to study at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Texas. Returning in 1956, Yani was transferred to the Army Headquarters in Jakarta where he became a member of the General staff to Abdul Haris Nasution. At Army Headquarters, Yani served as Logistics Assistant to the Army Chief of Staff before becoming Deputy Army Chief of Staff for Organization and Personnel.

In August 1958, he ordered Operation 17 August against the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia rebels in West Sumatra. His troops managed to recapture Padang and Bukit Tinggi, and this success led to his being promoted to deputy head of the 2nd Army of staff on 1 September 1962, and then Chief of the Army Staff on 13 November 1963 (automatically becoming a member of the cabinet), replacing General Nasution.

End of life

As President, Soekarno moved closer to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in the early '60s. Yani, who was fiercely anti-communist, became very wary of the PKI, especially after this party declared its support for the creation of a fifth force (besides the four armed forces and the police) and Sukarno tried to impose his Nasakom (Nationalism-Religion-Communism) doctrine on the military. Both Yani and Nasution procrastinated when ordered by Sukarno on 31 May 1965 to prepare plans to arm the people.

In the early hours of 1 October 1965, the 30 September Movement attempted to kidnap seven members of the Army general staff. A team of about 200 people surrounded Yani's house at Jalan Latuhahary No. 6 on the outskirts of Jakarta Menteng, Central Jakarta. Usually, Yani had eleven soldiers guarding his home. His wife later reported that a week earlier an additional six men had been assigned to him. These men were from the command of Colonel Latief, who Yani knew, was one of the main plotters in the 30 September Movement. According to Yani's wife, the additional men did not appear for duty that night. Yani and his children were sleeping in his house while his wife was out celebrating her birthday with a group of friends and relatives. She later recounted that as she was leaving the house at around 11pm, she saw someone sitting across the street as if keeping the house under surveillance. He didn't think anything of it at the time, but after the events of that morning, he wondered differently. Also, from about 9 o'clock on the evening of September 30, there were a number of phone calls to the house at intervals, which when answered would either be met with silence or a voice would ask what time it was. The calls continued until about 1am and Mrs. Yani said she had a hunch something was wrong that night.

Yani spent the night with several meetings, at 7 pm he received a colonel from KOTI, the Supreme Operations Command. General Basuki Rahmat, divisional commander in East Java, then arrived from his base in Surabaya. Basuki came to Jakarta to report to Yani on his concerns about increasing communist activity in East Java. Complimenting his report, Yani asked him to accompany him to a meeting the next day with the President to present his report.

When the kidnappers came to Yani's house and told him that he would be brought before the president, he asked for time to shower and change. When the kidnapper refused he became angry, slapped one of the kidnapping soldiers, and tried to close his front door. One of the kidnappers then opened fire, killing him spontaneously. His body was taken to Lubang Buaya on the outskirts of Jakarta and, along with those of the other slain generals, hidden in a disused well.

Yani's body, and those of the other victims, were exhumed on October 4, and all were given a state funeral the following day, before being buried at the Heroes Cemetery in Kalibata. On the same day, Yani and his colleagues were officially declared Heroes of the Revolution by Presidential Decree No. 111/KOTI/1965 and were posthumously raised in rank from Lieutenant General to 4th star general (Indonesian: General Posthumous).

Yani's mother and children moved out of the house after Yani's death. Yani's mother helped turn their former home into a public museum which stands mostly as it was in October 1965, including the bullet holes in the doors and walls, and with the furnishings of the house then. Currently, many cities in Indonesia have roads named after Yani. In addition, his name is immortalized for Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang.

2. Lieutenant General Suprapto

Lieutenant General TNI Posthumous R. Suprapto (born in Purwokerto, Central Java, 20 June 1920 - died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, 1 October 1965 at the age of 45) was an Indonesian national hero. He was one of the victims of the G30SPKI and was buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, in Jakarta.

Suprapto, who was born in Purwokerto, on June 20, 1920, is arguably almost the same age as Commander-in-Chief Sudirman. He was only four years younger than the Great Commander. His formal education after graduating from MULO (junior high school level) was AMS (senior high school level) Part B in Yogyakarta which he completed in 1941.

Around that year the Dutch East Indies government declared a militia in connection with the outbreak of the Second World War. It was then that he entered military education at the Koninklijke Militaire Akademie in Bandung. He could not complete this education until he was finished because the Japanese troops had rushed to land in Indonesia. By the Japanese, he was captured and imprisoned, but then he managed to escape.

After his escape from prison, he filled his time by taking courses at the Youth Training Center, body and mind training, and syuisyintai. And after that, he worked in the Community Education Office.

At the beginning of independence, he was one of those who participated in the struggle and managed to seize weapons from the Japanese troops in Cilacap. After that, he later joined the People's Security Army in Purwokerto. That was the first time he officially entered the army, because before that, even though he had participated in the struggle against the Japanese army, such as in Cilacap, that struggle was only a people's struggle carried out by the Indonesian people in general.

While in the People's Security Army (TKR), he made history by participating in the battle in Ambarawa against the British army. At that time, his troops were led directly by Commander Sudirman. He was also one of the assistants of the Commander in Chief.

After Indonesia received recognition of sovereignty, he often changed assignments. First of all, he was assigned as Head of Army and Territorial Staff (T&T) IV/ Diponegoro in Semarang. From Semarang, he was then drawn to Jakarta to become an Army Staff, then to the Ministry of Defence. And after the PRRI/Permesta rebellion died down, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for the Sumatra region based in Medan. While in Medan, his task was very heavy because he had to keep the rebellion like before from happening again.

3. Lieutenant General MT. Haryono

Lieutenant General TNI Posthumous Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono (born in Surabaya, East Java, January 20, 1924 - died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, October 1, 1965, at the age of 41) was one of the heroes of the Indonesian revolution who was killed in the G30S incident. He was buried at TMP Kalibata - Jakarta.

The three-star general who was born in Surabaya, on January 20, 1924, previously received his education at ELS (elementary school level) and then passed on to HBS (generally high school level). After graduating from HBS, he entered Ika Dai Gakko (a medical school during the Japanese occupation) in Jakarta but did not graduate.

When the independence of the Republic of Indonesia was proclaimed, he, who was in Jakarta, immediately joined other youths to fight for independence. At the same time, he continued this struggle by joining the People's Security Army (TKR). At the start of his appointment, he earned the rank of Major.

During the war to defend independence, namely between 1945 and 1950, he was often transferred. First of all, he was placed in the Liaison Office, then as Secretary of the Indonesian Delegation in negotiations with the British and the Dutch. Once he was also appointed as Secretary of the State Defense Council and at another time as Permanent Representative to the Ministry of Defense for Armistice Affairs. And when the Round Table Conference (KMB) was held, he was the Secretary of the Indonesian Military Delegation.

4. Lieutenant General S. Parman

Lieutenant General TNI Posthumously Siswondo Parman (born in Wonosobo, Central Java, August 4, 1918, died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, October 1, 1965, at the age of 47) or better known as S. Parman was one of the heroes of the Indonesian revolution and Indonesian military figure. He died during the events of the September 30th Movement and was awarded the posthumous title of Lieutenant General. He was buried at TMP Kalibata, Jakarta.

Parman was an intelligence officer, so he knew a lot about PKI activities. He was one of the officers who rejected the PKI's plan to form a Fifth Army consisting of workers and peasants. His rejection and his position as an intelligence official who knew a lot about the PKI made him the victim of being kidnapped by the Tjakrabirawa Regiment led by Serma Satar. It is suspected that his kidnapping was arranged by his own older brother, namely Ir. Sakirman was a high-ranking official at the PKI CC Politburo at that time.

Background

The general education he has attended elementary school, high school, and the College of Medicine. But before completing his doctorate, the Japanese army had occupied the Republic so he did not even reach the title of doctor.

After not being able to continue medical school, he worked for the Bureau of Kempeitai. There he was suspected by the Japanese so he was arrested, but not long after that, he was released again. After that, he was instead sent to Japan to study under Kenpei Kasya Butai. Upon returning to his homeland he returned to work at the Kempeitai Bureau.

His early career in the military began with joining the People's Security Army (TKR), namely the Indonesian Army which was formed after the proclamation of independence. At the end of December 1945, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Army Police Headquarters (PT) in Yogyakarta.

During the Second Dutch Military Aggression, he also fought in guerrilla warfare. In December 1949, he was assigned as Chief of Staff for the Military Governor of Greater Jakarta. One of his successes at that time was uncovering the secrets of the Ratu Adil Armed Forces (APRA) movement, which was going to carry out its operations in Jakarta under the leadership of Westerling. Furthermore, in March 1950, he was appointed chief of Staff G. And a year later sent to the United States to attend education at the Military Police School.

Upon returning from the United States, he was assigned to the Ministry of Defense for some time and then was appointed Military Attache of the Republic of Indonesia in London, England in 1959. Five years later, namely in 1964, he was assigned the role of Assistant I Minister/Commander of the Army (Men/Pangad ) with the rank of Major General.

When he was Assistant I Minister/Commander of the Army (Men/Pangad), the influence of the PKI was also rife in Indonesia. This Communist Party feels close to President Soekarno and some people have been influenced. However, as an intelligence officer, S. Parman previously had much knowledge of the secret activities of the PKI. So when the PKI proposed that the workers and peasants be armed or what was called the Fifth Force. He along with most of the other Army Officers rejected the suggestion which had ulterior motives. It was on this basis that the PKI later despised him. And finally, when the G30S incident occurred, he became a victim because he was one of the enemies of the PKI. S. Parman was kidnapped from his house, killed at Lubang Buaya, and hidden in the Lubang Buaya well.

5. Major General Pandjaitan

Major General TNI Posthumous Donald Isaac Panjaitan (born in Balige, North Sumatra, 19 June 1925 - died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, 1 October 1965 at the age of 40) was one of the heroes of the Indonesian revolution. He was buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, Jakarta.

Panjaitan was born in Balige, Tapanuli, June 19, 1925. His formal education started in elementary school, then entered junior high school, and finally at senior high school. When he graduated from high school, Indonesia was under Japanese occupation. So when he entered the military he had to take Gyugun training. After training, he was assigned as a Gyugun member in Pekanbaru, Riau until Indonesia declared its independence.

When Indonesia won independence, he and other youths formed the People's Security Army (TKR) which later became the TNI. At TKR, he was first assigned as a battalion commander, then became the Education Commander of the IX/Banteng Division in Bukittinggi in 1948. Then he became Chief of General Staff IV (Supply) of the Sumatran Army Command. And when the Dutch Troops carried out their Second Military Aggression, he was appointed as the Leader of the Supplies for the Struggle of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI).

Along with the end of the Second Dutch Military Aggression, Indonesia also received recognition of sovereignty. Panjaitan himself was later appointed Chief of Staff for Army and Territory Operations (T&T) I Bukit Barisan in Medan. Then he was transferred again to Palembang to become Head of Staff of T & T II/Sriwijaya.

After attending the Military Attache (Milat) course in 1956, he was assigned as the Indonesian Military Attache in Bonn, West Germany. When his term of service ended as Military Attache, he returned to Indonesia. But not long after that, namely in 1962, this officer who had studied at the Associated Command and General Staff College, United States of America, was appointed Assistant IV to the Minister/Commander of the Army (Men/Pangad). This was the last position he held when the G 30/S PKI incident occurred.

When he served as Assistant IV to the Men/Army Commander, he made a special achievement for his success in uncovering the secrets of arms shipments from the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the PKI. From there it was known that the weapons were put in crates of building materials to be used in the construction of the Conejo (Conference of the New Emerging Forces) building. The weapons were needed by the PKI, which was actively preparing to launch an uprising.

In the early hours of 1 October 1965, a group of members of the 30 September Movement left Lubang Buaya on the outskirts of Jakarta. They forced the gates of Panjaitan's house on Jalan Hasanudin, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, shot and killed one of the servants sleeping on the ground floor of the two-story house, and called for Panjaitan to come downstairs. Two youths namely Albert Naiborhu and Viktor Naiborhu were seriously injured during resistance when D.I. Panjaitan was kidnapped, and not long after that Albert died. After the attacker threatened his family, Panjaitan came down in full uniform while surrendering to God Almighty to fulfill the call of duty which was manipulated by the PKI mob, and shot dead. his body was loaded into a truck and brought back to the movement's headquarters in Crocodile Hole. Later, the body and those of his murdered comrades were hidden in an old well. The bodies were found on October 4, and all were given a state funeral the following day. Panjaitan was given a posthumous promotion to Major General and made a Hero of the Revolution.

6. Major General Sutoyo Siswomiharjo

Major General TNI Posthumous Sutoyo Siswomiharjo (born in Kebumen, Central Java, August 28, 1922. died in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, October 1, 1965, at the age of 43) was a high-ranking TNI-AD officer who was kidnapped and later killed in the events of the 30 September Movement in Indonesia.

Sutoyo was born in Kebumen, Central Java. He finished school before the Japanese invasion in 1942, and during the Japanese occupation, he studied government administration in Jakarta. He then worked as a government employee in Purworejo but resigned in 1944.

After the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945, Sutoyo joined the People's Security Army Police (TKR), the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. This later became the Indonesian Military Police. In June 1946, he was appointed adjutant to Colonel Gatot Soebroto, commander of the Military Police. He steadily rose through the ranks within the Military Police, and in 1954 he became chief of staff at Military Police Headquarters. He held this position for two years before being appointed assistant military attache at the Indonesian embassy in London. After training at the Army Staff and Command College in Bandung from 1959 to 1960, he was appointed Army Inspector of Justice, then due to his legal experience, in 1961 he became judicial inspector/chief military prosecutor.

In the early hours of 1 October 1965, members of the 30 September Movement led by Sergeant Major Surono entered Sutoyo's house on Jalan Sumenep, Menteng, Central Jakarta. They entered through the garage at the side of the house. They forced the maid to hand over the key, entered the house, and said that Sutoyo had been summoned by President Sukarno. They then took him to their base at Crocodile Hole. There, he was killed and his body thrown into a disused well. Like those of his other murdered colleagues, his body was recovered on 4 October and he was given a state funeral the following day. He was posthumously promoted to Major General and made a Hero of the Revolution.

7. Captain Pierre Tendean

Posthumous CZI Captain Pierre Andreas Tendean (born 21 February 1939 - died 1 October 1965 at the age of 26) was an Indonesian military officer who was one of the victims of the 30 September Movement in 1965. He began his military career by becoming an intelligence officer and was later appointed as adjutant General Abdul Haris Nasution with the rank of the first lieutenant, he was promoted to captain posthumously after his death. Tendean was buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery and along with six other G30S victim officers, he was declared a Hero of the Indonesian Revolution on October 5, 1965.

Pierre Andreas Tendean was born to Dr. A.L Tendean, a doctor with Minahasa blood, and Cornet M.E, an Indo woman with French blood, on 21 February 1939 in Batavia (now Jakarta), Dutch East Indies. Pierre was the second of three children; his brother and sister respectively named Mitze Farre and Rooswidiati. Tendean attended elementary school in Magelang, then continued his junior and senior high school studies in Semarang where his father served. Since childhood, he really wanted to become a soldier and enter a military academy, but his parents wanted him to become a doctor like his father or an engineer. Because of his strong determination, he managed to join the Army Engineering Academy (ATEKAD) in Bandung in 1958.

After graduating from the military academy in 1962 with the rank of second lieutenant, Tendean became the Platoon Commander of the Combat Engineering Battalion 2 Kodam II/Bukit Barisan in Medan. A year later, he attended an intelligence school in Bogor. After graduating from there, he was assigned to the Central Intelligence Service of the Army (DIPIAD) to become a spy for Malaysia in connection with the confrontation between Indonesia and Malaysia; he was in charge of leading a group of volunteers in several areas to infiltrate Malaysia. On April 15, 1965, Tendean was promoted to the first lieutenant and assigned as adjutant to General Abdul Haris Nasution.

On the morning of 1 October 1965, troops from the 30 September Movement (G30S) came to Nasution's house with the aim of kidnapping him. Tendean, who was sleeping in the back room of General Nasution's house, was awakened by the sound of gunshots and commotion and immediately ran to the front of the house. He was caught by the G30S mob who mistook him for Nasution because the house was dark. Nasution himself managed to escape by jumping over a fence. Tendean was then taken to a house in the Crocodile Hole area with six other high-ranking officers. He was shot dead and his body was thrown into an old well with the bodies of six other officers.

Tendean and six other officers were buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, in Jakarta. To appreciate his services, Tendean was awarded the title Hero of the Indonesian Revolution on October 5, 1965, based on Presidential Decree No. RI. 111/KOTI/Tahun 1965. After his death, he was posthumously promoted to captain. A number of streets are also named after him, including Manado, Balikpapan, and Jakarta

8. AIP Karel Satsuit Tubun

Adjutant Police Inspector Two Posthumously Karel Satsuitubun (born in Southeast Maluku, October 14, 1928, died in Jakarta, October 1, 1965, at the age of 36 years) is an Indonesian national hero who was one of the victims of the September 30 Movement in 1965. He was the bodyguard of J, Leimena. He was buried at TMP Kalibata, Jakarta. Because he was a victim of the September 30th Movement, he was made a Hero of the Revolution.

Karel Satsuitubun' was born in Tual, Southeast Maluku on October 14, 1928. When he was an adult he decided to join the POLRI. He was also accepted, then attended Police Education. After graduating, he was placed in the Ambon Mobile Brigade Unit with the rank of Police Agent Class Two, or now Bhayangkara Dua Police. He was also drawn to Jakarta and has the rank of First Class Police Agent or now Bhayangkara One Police. When Bung Karno announced the Trikora, which demanded that West Irian be returned to Indonesia from Dutch hands. Immediately a Military Operation was carried out, and he also participated in the struggle. After West Irian was successfully returned, he was given the task of guarding the residence of the Deputy Prime Minister, Dr. J. Leimena in Jakarta. Gradually he rose to the rank of Police Brigadier.

Because he considered the leadership of the Army as the main obstacle to his goals. So the PKI planned to kidnap and kill a number of army officers who were considered to be hindering its aspirations. One of the targets was General A.H. Nasution, who is next door to Dr. J.Leimena. The movement started when he got the morning guard duty. So, he took himself to sleep. The kidnappers came, first they locked up Dr.'s house guards. J.Leimena. Because he heard the noise, K. Satsutubun woke up with a gun and he tried to shoot the PKI gang. Unfortunately, the mob also shot him. Because it was unbalanced, K.satsuitubun died instantly after the kidnapper's bullet penetrated his body.

For all his services so far, as well as being a victim of the September 30th Movement, the government included him as one of the Heroes of the Indonesian Revolution, along with General Ahmad Yani, Lt. Gen. R. Suprapto, Lt. Gen. M.T. Haryono, Lieutenant General S. Parman, Major General Sutoyo, Major General D.I. Pandjaitan, Brigadier General Katamso, Colonel Sugiono and CZI Captain Pierre Tendean. In addition, he was also promoted to Assistant Inspector Two Police. His name is also now immortalized as the name of a Republic of Indonesia Warship from the Ahmad Yani class frigate with the name KRI Karel Satsuitubun.

The Indonesian government pays tribute to Halim's services and struggle, by conferring the title of National Hero and immortalizing his name at Karel Satsuitubun Airport in Pelabuhan Ratu. The government also immortalized his name on the KRI Karel Satsuitubun warship.

9. Brigadier General Katamso Darmokusumo
Brigadier General Katamso Darmokusumo Posthumously (born in Sragen, Central Java, on 5 February 1923 died in Yogyakarta, on 1 October 1965 at the age of 42) is one of Indonesia's national heroes. Katamso was one of the figures who were killed in the events of the September 30th Movement. He was buried at the Kusuma Negara Heroes Cemetery, Yogyakarta.








10. Colonel Sugiono

Colonel Infantry (Posthumously) R. Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto (born in Gedaren, Sumbergiri, Ponjong, Gunung Kidul, August 12, 1926, died in Kentungan, Yogyakarta, October 1, 1965, at the age of 39) was an Indonesian hero who was a victim of the 30th Movement September.

Cabbage. Sugiyono is married to Supriyati. They had six sons; R. Erry Guthomo (b. 1954), R. Agung Pramuji (b. 1956), R. Haryo Guritno (b. 1958), R. Danny Nugroho (b. 1960), R. Budi Winoto (b. 1962), and R. Ganis Priyono (b. 1963); and one daughter, Rr. Sugiarti Takarina (b. 1965), was born after her father died. The name Sugiarti Takarina was given by President Soekarno. He was buried at TMP Semaki, Yogyakarta.